Model predictive controller of voltage dosage for safe and effective electrochemical treatment of tumors

Abstract

Electrochemical treatment is an emerging technology that employs direct current to treat cancerous tumors. A significant limitation of this method is the lack of a standardized protocol for voltage application. Our study addresses this by aiming to develop an optimal treatment strategy through the integration of mathematical modeling, numerical simulations, and controller design. We introduce a mathematical model that merges transport equations with electrode kinetics to represent the electrochemical treatment of tumor tissue accurately. The COMSOL software is then utilized to simulate this model, serving as a basis for controller design. Generalized model predictive control is applied to adjust the pH by manipulating the voltage applied to the electrodes. Additionally, we derive a second-order model to predictively characterize the system's behavior. Our designed controller successfully maintains the pH in the electrode's vicinity at a desired level (pH = 2), showcasing robust performance in counteracting disturbances and uncertainties. Analysis of the system's dynamic response reveals an effective ablation zone for the tumor located 5 mm from the anode. By controlling the hydrogen concentration near the anode (up to 5 mm), we ensure the optimal current dosage for efficient tumor ablation, thus minimizing potential harm to adjacent healthy tissues. Our findings offer critical insights into devising an optimal strategy for electrochemical cancer therapy, suggesting significant enhancements in the treatment's efficacy and safety. This proposed method holds promise for broader clinical adoption, potentially revolutionizing electrochemical treatment modalities for cancer.