Associations between relative deprivation and problematic gaming in adolescence: evidence from an Italian representative sample

Abstract

Background Problematic gaming is a known risk factor for adolescent well-being. Yet, socioeconomic factors that might contribute to problematic gaming in adolescence have not been fully explored. This study examined the association between relative deprivation, defined as an individual’s financial gap relative to their classmates, and problematic gaming in a representative sample of Italian adolescents. Methods We analysed data on family material assets and self-reported symptoms of problematic gaming from 58881 participants in the 2021/2022 Italian Health Behaviour in school-aged children study. Relative deprivation was measured using the Yitzhaki index, with classmates as a social reference group. Associations with problematic gaming were tested using a two-level multiple logistic regression model while accounting for the effects of economic, sociodemographic and psychological factors. Results Adolescents reporting higher relative deprivation were eight times more likely to be classified as problematic gamers compared with their better-off peers, after controlling for individual and class-level deprivation, and self-efficacy beliefs. Males, younger adolescents and adolescents with lower self-efficacy were more at risk of being problematic gamers. Conclusion The current study expands the existing literature on the detrimental impact of inequalities on adolescent behaviours by highlighting the association between relative deprivation and problematic gaming. Policymakers are advised to implement measures to reduce inequalities and mitigate maladaptive gaming patterns among adolescents.