Identification of signal peptide features for substrate specificity in human Sec62/Sec63-dependent ER protein import

Abstract

In mammalian cells one-third of all polypeptides are integrated into the membrane or translocated into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) via the Sec61-channel. While the Sec61-complex facilitates ER-import of most precursor polypeptides, the Sec61-associated Sec62/Sec63-complex supports ER-import in a substrate-specific manner. So far, mainly posttranslationally imported precursors and the two cotranslationally imported precursors of ERj3 and prion protein were found to depend on the Sec62/Sec63-complex in vitro. Therefore, we determined the rules for engagement of Sec62/Sec63 in ER-import in intact human cells using a recently established unbiased proteomics approach. In addition to confirming ERj3, we identified twenty-two novel Sec62/Sec63-substrates under these in vivo-like conditions. As a common feature, those previously unknown substrates share signal peptides with comparatively longer but less hydrophobic H-region and lower C-region polarity. Further analyses with four substrates, and ERj3 in particular, revealed the combination of a slowly-gating signal peptide and a downstream translocation-disruptive positively charged cluster of amino acid residues as decisive for the Sec62-/Sec63-requirement. In the case of ERj3, these features were found to be responsible for an additional BiP-requirement and to correlate with sensitivity towards the Sec61-channel inhibitor CAM741. Thus, the human Sec62/Sec63-complex may support Sec61-channel opening for precursor polypeptides with slowly-gating signal peptides by direct interaction with the cytosolic amino-terminal peptide of Sec61α or via recruitment of BiP and its interaction with the ER-lumenal loop 7 of Sec61α. These novel insights into the mechanism of human ER protein import contribute to our understanding of the etiology of SEC63-linked Polycystic Liver Disease.