Targeting danger-associated molecular patterns after myocardial infarction

Abstract

INTRODUCTION: Myocardial infarction (MI) provokes an intense inflammatory response that can lead to left ventricular adverse remodeling and heart failure (HF). The prognosis of HF patients is poor and related to a decreased quality of life and considerable health care costs. Hence, targeting the early inflammatory response after MI provides an interesting target to attenuate left ventricular remodeling and prevent HF. AREAS COVERED: In the current review, we discuss the theory that our immune system does not distinguish between self and non-self, but rather senses danger. So-called danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) serve as ligands for pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which act as signal transduction molecules to induce a pro-inflammatory state. Many different DAMPs and PRRs have been identified recently. Here, we provide a concise overview of their interactions as well as their role in the inflammatory response after MI. EXPERT OPINION: Interference with Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2, TLR4 and NLRP3-inflammasome signaling has consistently shown to reduce infarct size and preserve cardiac function post-MI in experimental animal models. Since clinically applicable inhibitors have been developed for these pathways, the path has been cleared to assess whether these promising results can be translated into the human situation.