The effects of short-chain fatty acids on the cardiovascular system

Abstract

The development of cardiovascular diseases is often attributable to loss of endothelial functions of the vascular tissue or to decreased contractile function of the heart muscle. These disturbances are often caused by imbalances in lipid and glucose metabolism. For instance, these imbalances can result in a low-grade inflammatory state of affected endothelial tissue, causing macrophages and fat-rich lipoproteins to accumulate in the subendothelial space. Short-chain fatty acids feature a regulatory function in the cellular metabolism of fatty acids, glucose and cholesterol in various peripheral tissues, both directly as well as at a genetic level. In addition, the strong expression of short-chain fatty acid receptor Ffar2 on various leukocyte populations facilitates a regulatory effect of the fatty acids on various functions of these immune cells. The immunoregulatory effect and influence on lipids, cholesterol and glucose metabolism of short-chain fatty acids can thus contribute to the development of metabolic conditions that promote preservation or recovery of endothelial functions and thereby reduce the risk of development or aggravation of cardiovascular diseases. The current review addresses the effects of short-chain fatty acids on the human cardiovascular system and investigates potential novel interventions for prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disorders using these fatty acids.