Shape-dependent settling velocity of skeletal carbonate grains: Implications for calciturbidites

Abstract

Particle transport and deposition in turbidity currents is governed by the balance between turbulent suspension and gravitational settling, with settling velocity becoming dominant during the final rain-out phases of decelerated turbidity currents on lobes. Differential particle settling velocities play a role in the sorting of grains in turbidity currents; there is a preference of grains with higher settling velocities to be deposited first, yielding a settling-velocity gradient in vertical and longitudinal cross-sections through turbidite beds. If sediments contain little variation in particle shape and density (for example, siliciclastics), then settling velocity is dominantly controlled by grain size. Carbonate sediments, in contrast, are composed of non-skeletal and skeletal grains with various growth structures, producing a wide distribution of particle shapes (from spheroidal to platy, bladed and elongated forms). The present paper aims to constrain the extent to which shape-dependent differential settling velocities influence sorting mechanisms in carbonate turbidity currents. Experiments using natural skeletal sand were conducted to investigate the settling of carbonate grains in: (i) isolation; (ii) suspension clouds; and (iii) turbidity currents. Size, density and shape parameters, including Corey Shape Factor and Zingg diagrams, were analysed using high-resolution micro-computed tomography. The slower settling of non-spheroidal shapes was quantified. In the sinking suspensions, a sorting mechanism operated through differential velocities yielding an abundance of spheroidal grains at the base and enrichment in less-spheroidal grains towards the top of suspension deposits. This trend was also observed longitudinally in carbonate turbidity currents, for which enhanced advection lengths caused less spheroidal grains to be transported farther into the basin. The effect of particle shape becomes increasingly significant as grain size increases, in particular above medium sand. Carbonate turbidites may therefore be more poorly sorted than siliciclastic turbidites, which is expected to result in lower primary porosity in calciturbidites compared to siliciclastic turbidites.