Arterial calcification volume is associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular events in pseudoxanthoma elasticum

Abstract

Background and aims: Pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE) patients have more arterial calcification due to lower levels of inorganic pyrophosphate, caused by mutations in the ABCC6 gene, but the relation with vascular complications is poorly understood. Because of the slow progressing nature of arterial disease in PXE patients, there is a need for a valid and reliable intermediate endpoint to be used in future clinical trials. Arterial calcification measured on computed tomography (CT) is a promising candidate, if associated with future cardiovascular events. We aimed to establish the relation between arterial calcification measured on CT and future cardiovascular events in patients with PXE. Methods: In this prospective cohort study, patients with PXE from the Dutch UMC Utrecht Expertise Center for PXE (UECP) were included. Arterial calcification volume was measured on low dose full body CT scans. Patient were followed for incident cardiovascular events. The relation between arterial calcification and the risk of cardiovascular events was analyzed using Cox proportional hazard models. Results: In 326 patients (median follow-up 6.0, IQR 3.8–8.2 years) 41 cardiovascular events were observed (21 events per 1000 person years). In patients with no cardiovascular history, there was a significant relation between the log arterial calcification volume at baseline and future cardiovascular events (adjusted HR: 1.87, 95 % CI: 1.14–3.09, per 1 log unit increase in arterial calcification). There was no relation in patients with clinical manifest cardiovascular disease at baseline between arterial calcification volume and future cardiovascular events. Conclusions: Higher arterial calcification volumes on CT in PXE patients are associated with a higher risk of a first cardiovascular event. This cohort study suggests that arterial calcification can be used as an intermediate endpoint in studies evaluating interventions to lower the risk of cardiovascular events.