The impact of high microvascular resistance on coronary wave energetics depends on coronary microvascular functionality

Abstract

Aims: The pathophysiological relevance of high hyperemic microvascular resistance (hMR) in stable coronary artery disease is controversial. Using wave intensity analysis (WIA, defined as the product of the time derivatives of the coronary pressure and velocity), we aim to compare the impact of high hMR on coronary wave energetics with respect to coronary microvascular dysfunction (CMD), defined as reduced coronary flow reserve (CFR < 2.5), in unobstructed arteries. Methods and results: The study population (n = 258, mean age = 68 ± 10 years, 73% male) had a high cardiovascular risk profile including dyslipidemia (88%), hypertension (70%), smoking (55%) and diabetes (28%). The mean fractional flow reserve was 0.89 ± 0.05. Vessels (n = 312) were divided into four endotypes: no CMD-low hMR (CFR ≥ 2.5, hMR < 2.5 mmHg.s.cm-1), Functional CMD (CFR < 2.5, hMR < 2.5 mmHg.s.cm-1), Structural CMD (CFR < 2.5, hMR ≥ 2.5 mmHg.s.cm-1), and no CMD-high hMR (CFR ≥ 2.5, hMR ≥ 2.5 mmHg.s.cm-1). The no CMD-high hMR endotype had the lowest mean resting velocity (bAPV = 10 ± 3 cm.s-1 P < 0.001), highest mean basal microvascular resistance (bMR = 9 ± 2 mmHg/cm.s-1 P < 0.001) amongst all endotypes, yet, it had reference-level CFR, microvascular resistance reserve and resistive reserve ratio (P > 0.05 for all compared to no CMD-low hMR), unlike CMD endotypes (P < 0.05 compared to CMD endotypes). The no CMD-high hMR endotype exhibited the highest hyperemic increase in the accelerating wave energy proportion (AEP) (13% ± 13%, P = 0.042), indicating an intact autoregulatory response. Only in the CMD endotypes, high hMR was associated with reduced AEP (r = -0.229, P < 0.001), unlike no CMD endotypes (P = 0.383). Conclusion: High hMR alone is not a definitive CMD marker. In line with the adaptive high hMR hypothesis, increased hMR does not necessarily limit augmentation of AEP, and is associated with robust autoregulatory capacity in vessels with preserved CFR. Cardiologists should be alert to a potential adaptive no CMD-high hMR endotype to avoid misdiagnosis. Registration: NCT02328820.