Sternal Complications After Clamshell Surgery for (Heart-)Lung Transplantation—A Systematic Literature Review

Abstract

OBJECTIVES: Bilateral transverse thoracosternotomy ("clamshell") is widely used for (heart-)lung transplantations, but postoperative sternal complications are a significant challenge. The primary objective of this systematic review was to evaluate the prevalence of sternal complications after clamshell surgery in (heart-)lung transplantation patients. METHODS: A systematic literature review was conducted. On April 4, 2025, PubMed and Embase databases were searched. Original studies reporting sternal complications after clamshell surgery in adults for bilateral lung or heart-lung transplantation were included. Studies including <10 patients were excluded. Study quality was assessed using the National Institutes of Health assessment tool. The total and range of sternal complication prevalence was provided. Meta-analysis of sternal complication prevalence was not performed due to significant heterogeneity across studies. RESULTS: The database searches yielded 945 eligible articles. Eighteen studies were included, including 828 patients who underwent a total of 830 bilateral lung or heart-lung transplantations through clamshell surgery. All included studies were cohort studies with poor (n = 15), fair (n = 1), or good (n = 2) quality. In total, 286 sternal complications were reported (0.34 event per clamshell surgery; range 0.02 to 1.35 in individual studies) and 90 sternal reoperations were conducted (0.14 reoperation per clamshell surgery; range 0.02 to 0.29 in individual studies). CONCLUSIONS: Despite limitations in study quality and heterogeneity, this review highlights the high prevalence and relevance of sternal complications following clamshell surgery for (heart-)lung transplantation. Future studies should focus on patient selection, risk stratification, development of modified sternal closure techniques, and implementation of alternative surgical approaches to (heart-)lung transplantation.