The neuroendocrine genome: neuropeptides and related signaling peptides

Abstract

Neuropeptides are small proteinaceous substances which are produced, stored, and released through the regulated secretory route by neurons and act on neural substrates. They represent the most diverse group of signaling molecules in the nervous system. In mammals there are 200–300 neuropeptides known. These are encoded by just over 100 genes that express neuropeptide precursor proteins. These precursors share structural features that shuttle them through the regulated secretory pathways of cells and for controlled secretion. Several classes of peptides have been recognized that fit the definition of neuropeptides less strictly, including cytokines and neurotropins. An inventory of all currently known neuropeptides, their genes and receptors, as well as closely related signaling peptides in the nervous system, is provided here.