Formazanate ligands as structurally versatile, redox-active analogues of β-diketiminates in zinc chemistry

Abstract

A range of tetrahedral bis(formazanate)zinc complexes with different steric and electronic properties of the formazanate ligands were synthesized. The solid-state structures for several of these were determined by X-ray crystallography, which showed that complexes with symmetrical, unhindered ligands prefer coordination to the zinc center via the terminal N atoms of the NNCNN ligand backbone. Steric or electronic modifications can override this preference and give rise to solid-state structures in which the formazanate ligand forms a 5-membered chelate by binding to the metal center via an internal N atom. In solution, these compounds show dynamic equilibria that involve both 5- and 6-membered chelates. All compounds are intensely colored, and the effect of the ligand substitution pattern on the UV-vis absorption spectra was evaluated. In addition, their cyclic voltammetry is reported, which shows that all compounds may be electrochemically reduced to radical anionic (L<inf>2</inf>Zn^-) and dianionic (L<inf>2</inf>Zn^2-) forms. While unhindered NAr substituents lie in the plane of the ligand backbone (Ar = Ph), the introduction of sterically demanding substituents (Ar = Mes) favors a perpendicular orientation in which the NMes group is no longer in conjugation with the backbone, resulting in hypsochromic shifts in the absorption spectra. The redox potentials in the series of L<inf>2</inf>Zn compounds may be altered in a straightforward manner over a relatively wide range (∼700 mV) via the introduction of electron-donating or -withdrawing substituents on the formazanate framework.