Minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis (MIPO) for scapular fractures

Abstract

Objective: Presentation of a minimally invasive surgical approach for the treatment of scapular fractures and the clinical outcome using this technique. Indications: Displaced extra-articular fractures of the scapula body and glenoid neck (AO 14B and 14F) and simple intra-articular fractures of the glenoid. Contraindications: Complex intra-articular fractures and isolated fractures of the coracoid base. Surgical technique: Make a straight or slightly curved incision along the lateral margin of the scapula leaving the deltoid fascia intact. Identify the interval between the teres minor muscle and infraspinatus to visualize the lateral column, whilst retracting the deltoid to visualize the glenoid neck. Reduce and align the fracture using direct and indirect reduction tools. A second window on the medial border of the scapula can be made to aid reduction and/or to augment stability. Small (2.0–2.7 mm) plates in a 90° configuration on the lateral border and, if required, on the medial border are used. Intra-operative imaging confirms adequate reduction and extra-articular screw placement. Postoperative management: Direct postoperative free functional nonweight-bearing rehabilitation limited to 90° abduction for the first 6 weeks. Sling for comfort. Free range of motion and permissive weight-bearing after 6 weeks. Results: We collected data from 35 patients treated with minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis (MIPO) between 2011 and 2021. Average age was 53 ± 15.1 years (range 21–71 years); 17 had a type B and 18 a type F fracture according the AO classification. All patients suffered concomitant injuries of which thoracic (n = 33) and upper extremity (n = 25) injuries were most common. Double plating of the lateral border (n = 30) was most commonly performed as described in the surgical technique section. One patient underwent an additional osteosynthesis 3 months after initial surgery due to pain and lack of radiological signs of healing of a fracture extension into the spine of the scapula. In the same patient, the plate on the spine of scapula was later removed due to plate irritation. In 2 patients postoperative images showed a screw protruding into the glenohumeral joint requiring revision surgery. After standardisation of intra-operative imaging following these two cases, intra-articular screw placement did not occur anymore. No patient suffered from iatrogenic nerve injury and none developed a wound infection.