Potential interstitial lung abnormalities on chest X-rays prior to symptoms of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

Abstract

Background: Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) often has significant diagnostic delay. At present it is not well-known what factors associate with time to diagnosis and if this is associated with survival after the diagnosis. There has also been increasing attention for interstitial lung abnormalities on chest CT-scans. In this study we assessed what factors associate with time to diagnosis in patients with IPF, and whether early stages of pulmonary fibrosis can be seen on chest X-rays prior to the start of symptoms. Methods: In this retrospective study, 409 Dutch patients with IPF were included. Clinical characteristics, including patient demographics, medical history, time of start of symptoms, time of first visit to pulmonologist, and any previous radiographic imaging reports were collected from patient records. Results: In 96 patients (23%) a chest X-ray was available that had been made prior to the start of symptoms (median of 50.5 months (IQR 26.3–83.3 months)), and this showed potential interstitial lung abnormalities in 56 patients (58%). The median time from the start of symptoms to the final diagnosis was 24.0 months (interquartile range 9.0–48.0 months). In a multivariate model that corrected for diffusion capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide, forced vital capacity, sex, and age at diagnosis, time to diagnosis did not associate with survival (hazard ratio 1.051 (95% CI 0.800–1.380; p = 0.72)). Conclusions: There is a significant diagnostic delay for patients with IPF, but longer time to diagnosis did not associate with survival. Interstitial lung abnormalities were seen in more than half of the patients in whom a chest X-ray had been made prior to the start of symptoms. This illustrates that a computed tomography scan should be strongly considered for analysis of unexplained abnormalities on a chest X-ray. This could facilitate early detection and possibly prevention of disease progression for patients with pulmonary fibrosis.