Predictive value of seizure onset for gross motor dysfunction in individuals with pathogenic GABRB2 and GABRB3 variants
Publication date
2026-04
Authors
Ortiz, Sebastian
Affronte, Leonardo
Bagliani, Chiara
El-Kamand, Serene
Kan, Anthony Sze Hon
Kristoffersen, Isabel T
Dahl, Rebekka S
Højte, Anne F
Auvin, Stéphane
Bouman, Arjan
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Supervisors
Document Type
Article
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Pathogenic variants in γ-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptor genes have been associated with a wide spectrum of neurological disorders. We aimed to delineate the clinical trajectories associated with gain-of-function (GoF) and loss-of-function (LoF) variants in GABRB2 and GABRB3, and to develop a risk-prediction model for gross motor dysfunction based on age at seizure onset. METHODS: Clinical data, including seizure onset, epilepsy syndromes, cognitive outcomes, and gross motor function classification system (GMFCS), were collected through direct interviews, physician reports, and literature review. Kruskal-Wallis, Mantel-Cox and non-parametric analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Dunn's corrected post hoc tests were used for statistical comparisons. A logistic ordinal regression model was developed to predict GMFCS outcomes based on age at seizure onset. RESULTS: We analyzed a cohort of 117 individuals with pathogenic GABRB2 (n = 49) and GABRB3 (n = 68) variants. Fifty-three individuals carried GoF variants and 64 carried LoF variants. The GoF group was associated with earlier seizure onset, higher seizure frequency, and lower rates of seizure freedom. Gross motor dysfunction was markedly worse in the GoF group, with 64% classified as GMFCS IV or V (non-ambulation), compared to 7.5% in the LoF group. An inverse correlation was found between age at seizure onset and GMFCS severity in the GoF, but not the LOF group. The risk model predicted a >90% likelihood of non-ambulation for individuals with GoF variants and seizure onset before 1 month of age, decreasing to ~35% with seizure onset after 20 months. SIGNIFICANCE: We found a clear genotype-phenotype correlation in GABRB2- and GABRB3-related disorders, demonstrating that GoF variants are associated with a more severe neurodevelopmental trajectory. The age at seizure onset serves as a biomarker for predicting motor outcomes in individuals with GoF variants. These findings provide guidance regarding prognosis, need for early intervention, and data for comparison of efficacy in targeted therapeutic interventions for GABAA receptor-related disorders.
Keywords
GABA receptor–related disorders, clinical biomarker, developmental and epileptic encephalopathy, functional variant classification, genotype–phenotype correlation, motor disability prediction, Neurology, Clinical Neurology
Citation
Ortiz, S, Affronte, L, Bagliani, C, El-Kamand, S, Kan, A S H, Kristoffersen, I T, Dahl, R S, Højte, A F, Auvin, S, Bouman, A, Zeidler, S, Kluger, G, Lesca, G, Chatron, N, Goke-Samar, Z, Papadopoulou, M T, Terzi, M A P, Schaefer, E, de Saint Martin, A, Baer, S, Al Owain, M, Takroni, S, Al-Dhalaan, H, Bonanni, P, Rossi, A, Zanotta, N, Trivisano, M, Specchio, N, de Dominicis, A, Striano, P, Orsini, A, Mancardi, M M, Neuens, S, Jennesson-Lyver, M, Benkel-Herrenbrueck, I, Genevieve, D, Sidlow, R, Tezcan, K, Krey, I, Lemke, J R, Platzer, K, Lederer, D, Talvik, I, Vaher, U, Braun, K P J, Guerrot, A-M, More, R, De Wachter, M, Weckhuysen, S, Carapancea, E, Cilio, M R, Jacobs, J, Sterbova, K, Balestrini, S, Guerrini, R, Peroni, G, Mero, I-L, ElNaggar, W, Elkhateeb, N, Schmetz, A, Chan, D L, Mirzaa, G M, Chaumette, B, Legrand, A, McTague, A, Stödberg, T, Harris, R V, Berkovic, S F, Scheffer, I E, Chebib, M, Gardella, E, Ahring, P K, Absalom, N L & Møller, R S 2026, 'Predictive value of seizure onset for gross motor dysfunction in individuals with pathogenic GABRB2 and GABRB3 variants', Epilepsia, vol. 67, no. 4, pp. 1945-1960. https://doi.org/10.1002/epi.70096