Pre-formation loading of extracellular vesicles with exogenous molecules using photoporation

Abstract

Despite the natural capacity of extracellular vesicles (EVs) to encapsulate intracellular compounds and transfer these to nearby or distant recipient cells, the intentional loading of EVs with cargo molecules remains a challenging endeavor. Pre-formation EV loading (i.e., during EV biogenesis), offers advantages compared to post-formation loading (i.e., after EV isolation), as EV integrity and composition are minimally perturbed. Pre-formation EV loading is primarily achieved through the genetic engineering of the producer cell, which is time consuming and not very flexible regarding the types of molecules that can be incorporated into EVs. In this work, we investigated the possibility of loading cargo molecules into EVs by delivering the cargo directly into the cytosol of the producer cells, which can subsequently be encapsulated into EVs as they are formed. For the cytosolic delivery of cargo molecules, we evaluated the use of photoporation. This membrane disruption technology has been demonstrated to successfully deliver a broad range of cargo molecules into virtually any cell type, while minimally impacting the cell's normal functioning and homeostasis. As a proof-of-concept, we delivered fluorescently labeled dextran macromolecules and anti-EGFP nanobodies into HEK293T cells genetically engineered with gag-EGFP fusion proteins, which are shuttled into EVs. Colocalization of cargo and EGFP fluorescence in secreted EVs can then serve as a convenient readout for successful EV loading. We established that photoporation had minimal impact on EV characteristics such as concentration, size, zeta potential and the enrichment of EV tetraspanin membrane surface molecules. We found that using EGFP-targeted nanobodies resulted in up to 53% loaded EVs (relative to the amount of EGFP EVs), while non-targeted dextran molecules produced on average 12% loaded EVs (relative to the amount of EGFP EVs). These results highlight the promise of photoporation for pre-formation loading of EVs.