Ground motions induced by a producing hydrocarbon reservoir that is overlain by a viscoelastic rocksalt layer: A numerical model

Abstract

Hydrocarbon reservoir pressure depletion leads to stress changes inside the reservoir and ground deformation which is registered at the surface as subsidence. As reservoirs are often overlain by layers of rocksalt (or other evaporites), which are materials that flow so as to relax stresses inside them, there is the potential for time-varying surface subsidence. This work focuses on understanding the macroscopic mechanisms that lead to rocksalt flow-induced ground displacements. A Finite Element Model is used for this purpose in which the rocksalt layer is represented by a viscoelastic Maxwell material. Two distinct mechanisms that lead to displacement are observed. These are active during different stages of the deformation and have different timescales associated with them. An important observation is that the timescale for deformation that is measured at the ground surface is not equal to the timescale for deformation of a viscoelastic material element, but can be many times larger than that. The sensitivity of the response to the thickness and location of the rocksalt layer is also presented. Conclusions are drawn which allow for the relative importance of the presence of the rocksalt layer to be assessed and for a framework for understanding time-dependent subsidence above producing hydrocarbon reservoirs to be developed. Finally the changes in stress distribution around a producing reservoir are also briefly discussed.