Culture and Attitudes Supporting Ethical Innovation in Neurosurgery

Abstract

New innovative techniques are now routinely introduced outside the context of a randomized controlled trial and are not subject of strict oversight. In 2007, the Institute of Medicine proposed a transition toward learning health systems, which emphasizes a central role for knowledge generation and ways to continuously improve care. As such, learning health systems have the potential to facilitate the implementation and evaluation of innovations in neurosurgery. However, this will require a specific culture and certain professional attitudes, focusing on continuous learning. This chapter will describe how to create an environment that supports innovation and the attitudes that are essential for ethical innovation.