Class III antiarrhythmic drugs amiodarone and dronedarone impair KIR2.1 backward trafficking

Abstract

Drug-induced ion channel trafficking disturbance can cause cardiac arrhythmias. The subcellular level at which drugs interfere in trafficking pathways is largely unknown. KIR2.1 inward rectifier channels, largely responsible for the cardiac inward rectifier current (IK 1), are degraded in lysosomes. Amiodarone and dronedarone are class III antiarrhythmics. Chronic use of amiodarone, and to a lesser extent dronedarone, causes serious adverse effects to several organs and tissue types, including the heart. Both drugs have been described to interfere in the late-endosome/lysosome system. Here we defined the potential interference in KIR2.1 backward trafficking by amiodarone and dronedarone. Both drugs inhibited IK 1 in isolated rabbit ventricular cardiomyocytes at supraclinical doses only. In HK-KWGF cells, both drugs dose- and time-dependently increased KIR2.1 expression (2.0 ± 0.2-fold with amiodarone: 10 μM, 24 hrs; 2.3 ± 0.3-fold with dronedarone: 5 μM, 24 hrs) and late-endosomal/lysosomal KIR2.1 accumulation. Increased KIR2.1 expression level was also observed in the presence of Nav1.5 co-expression. Augmented KIR2.1 protein levels and intracellular accumulation were also observed in COS-7, END-2, MES-1 and EPI-7 cells. Both drugs had no effect on Kv11.1 ion channel protein expression levels. Finally, amiodarone (73.3 ± 10.3% P < 0.05 at −120 mV, 5 μM) enhanced IKIR 2.1 upon 24-hrs treatment, whereas dronedarone tended to increase IKIR 2.1 and it did not reach significance (43.8 ± 5.5%, P = 0.26 at −120 mV; 2 μM). We conclude that chronic amiodarone, and potentially also dronedarone, treatment can result in enhanced IK 1 by inhibiting KIR2.1 degradation.