Determinants of changes in self-esteem after remission of first-episode psychosis: A study of associated cross-sectional and longitudinal factors

Abstract

Background. Low self-esteem is an important and potentially modifiable risk factor for the development and outcome of psychotic disorders. The factors involved in low self-esteem in psychotic disorders are not yet fully understood. The current study aims to investigate the cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between (changes in) self-esteem and severity of psychotic symptoms, internalized stigma, negative reaction to antipsychotics, personal recovery, childhood bullying, childhood trauma, and social support in symptomatically remitted first-episode psychosis (FEP) patients. Methods. Data from the ongoing longitudinal Handling Antipsychotic Medication: Long-term Evaluation of Targeted Treatment study were used. Participants were in symptomatic remission for 3–6 months after the FEP. Cross-sectional associations (N = 299) were investigated through Pearson’s correlations, and longitudinal changes (N = 238) were investigated via linear regressions with inverse probability weighting. Results. Cross-sectionally, we found that lower self-esteem was related to higher severity of symptoms, higher internalized stigma, higher childhood trauma (specifically emotional neglect), higher childhood bullying, more negative side effects of antipsychotic medication, lower personal recovery, and lower social support. Longitudinally, contrary to our hypothesis, we found that higher baseline internalized stigma, higher childhood trauma (specifically emotional abuse), and a higher baseline negative subjective reaction to antipsychotics predicted an increase in self-esteem after 6 months. Furthermore, a decrease in psychotic symptoms, internalized stigma, and negative subjective reaction to antipsychotics, and an increase in social support predicted an increase in self-esteem. Conclusions. Early intervention programs for psychotic disorders should target factors related to changes in self-esteem. This might improve self-esteem and thereby promote recovery.