Tools and concepts for sustainable management of the subsurface in the Netherlands: a technical investigation

Abstract

Increasing use of the subsurface leads to a need for modernisation of policies on sustainable use of the subsurface. We have analysed a series of case studies about exploitation of subsurface resources including spatial use of the subsurface, on social relevance, environmental impact, social and technical pressure points and management solutions. The case studies range from building underground parking to geothermal exploitation. The following general issues were identified for the technical-scientific aspects: site investigation, suitability, risk assessment, monitoring and measures after failure. Additionally, the following general issues were identified for the administrative aspects: spatial planning, option assessment, precaution, transparency, responsibility and liability. Open communication seems to be a necessity for successful acceptance of exploitation of subsurface resources (subsurface space is also considered a resource).