Dynamics of femtosecond laser-induced shockwaves at a water/air interface using multiple excitation beams

Abstract

We investigate the formation, propagation, and interaction of femtosecond laser-induced flows of compressed air at a water/air interface by recording the transient reflectivity of shockwaves. Subsonic fronts of compressed air and weak shockwaves can be hard to detect due to their inherently subtle change of refractive index. Therefore, we study these weak flows by looking at the interaction dynamics of two and four shockwaves simultaneously produced at adjacent locations. An analytic model is used to retrieve the velocity and position of the shockwave from the experimental results. The use of multi-spot excitation opens up a versatile method to further investigate and understand the physical mechanisms contributing to photomechanical tissue damage during femtosecond-laser-based surgery and to study the fluid dynamics of complex systems.