A global remote-sensing assessment of the intersite variability in the greening of coastal dunes

Abstract

In recent decades, the vegetation on many coastal dunes has expanded spatially, which is attributed, among other things, to global-scale climate change. The intersite variability in this dune greening has not yet been substantially investigated, nor is it known whether it is consistent with intersite variability in climate change. Therefore, the objectives of this work were firstly to quantify and analyse the change in vegetation cover from multitemporal (Formula presented.) time series at a large number (186) of dune fields worldwide, calculated from Landsat satellite imagery available between 1984 and 2021 and secondly, to correlate the identified trends with trends in the main climate variables influencing vegetation growth (temperature, precipitation and wind speed). We show that greening is strongest in cool temperate climates (35° to 66.5° north/south latitudes) and that the rate of greening is accelerating at many sites. We find no dependence between the rate of greening and the local temporal change in temperature, precipitation and/or wind speed. Based on existing literature, sand supply and anthropogenic activities are discussed as possible reasons for the absence of a clear global relationship between variability in dune greening and climate change.