Model-Based Alternative Dosing Strategies for Subcutaneous Nivolumab to Improve Cost Effectiveness

Abstract

BACKGROUND: The increasing use of the immune checkpoint inhibitor nivolumab places a significant financial burden on healthcare systems, contributes to environmental concerns, and strains hospital capacities. The nivolumab average exposure and exposure variation of a fixed subcutaneous (SC) dosing regimen (1200 mg every 4 weeks) is significantly higher compared with 3-mg/kg every 2 weeks intravenous dosing. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to develop alternative dosing regimens for SC nivolumab to reduce drug expenses and lower the treatment burden for patients while ensuring effective exposure. METHODS: Population pharmacokinetic simulation was conducted using a population pharmacokinetic model developed by the license holder to explore alternative SC regimens. In this process, patients were divided into three weight groups: less than 60 kg, 60-90 kg, and more than 90 kg. Furthermore, two experimental progressive alternative dosing regimens were developed, one based on a minimum effective concentration-driven approach. The second progressive alternative regimen was based on using the 1200-mg SC formulation as an intravenous infusion. RESULTS: We developed an alternative bodyweight-based regimen consisting of SC 1200 mg every 7 weeks (<60 kg), 1200 mg every 6 weeks (60-90 kg), and 1200 mg every 5 weeks (>90 kg). This new alternative dosing regimen would save an average of €24,345 (35%) per patient per year compared with SC 1200 mg every 4 weeks. The results for the first experimental, progressive, extended-interval dosing regimen for patients with melanoma indicate that 95% of patients exceed a steady-state trough concentration of 2.5 mg/L when administered SC 1200 mg every 10 weeks. This dosing regimen would decrease the yearly cost from €68,870 to €27,548 (60% less) per patient per year. The second experimental progressive regimen using SC 1200 mg as an intravenous administration every 7 weeks leads to a potential saving of €29,516, which is a 43% decrease compared with the SC 1200-mg approved regimen. CONCLUSIONS: The developed dosing regimen with a bodyweight-dependent interval offers a cost-effective and patient-friendly method to optimize SC nivolumab use while ensuring adequate exposure, which can be directly implemented in clinical practice. Moreover, the two experimental progressive proposed regimens provide a rationale for a clinical non-inferiority study in which alternative dose regimens are compared to standard dosing according to the drug label.